Carbon capture involves technologies that trap CO₂ at emission points like factories and power plants before it enters the atmosphere. This captured CO₂ is often compressed into a liquid and stored underground, or repurposed in products like plastics and concrete.
In contrast, removing CO₂ already in the air involves natural methods like planting trees or growing kelp forests. Emerging technologies aim for longer-term CO₂ storage. For instance, biochar, produced by heating agricultural waste, stores carbon in the soil, while enhanced weathering spreads minerals to accelerate CO₂ absorption.
However, these technologies come with trade-offs, consuming resources that might otherwise cut emissions directly. The debate is particularly heated regarding biomass energy, with concerns about deforestation versus its potential as a byproduct. Balancing these methods is crucial for sustainable climate solutions.
The Pros and Cons of Carbon Capture
Carbon capture offers a direct solution to reduce atmospheric CO₂ levels. However, the effectiveness of these projects varies. Some methods may not lock CO₂ away long enough to significantly impact global temperatures.
While CO₂ stored underground can remain for centuries, carbon stored in plants is re-released upon decomposition, potentially offsetting the benefits if new growth doesn’t keep pace.
Carbon capture technologies consume significant power and financial resources that could otherwise reduce emissions directly in sectors like transport, energy, and buildings. The debate is especially intense regarding biomass for electricity generation with carbon capture. Advocates argue that the wood used is often a byproduct of other industries, while critics highlight the potential for unsustainable deforestation.
Who is Investing in Carbon Capture?
According to a McKinsey report, annual investment in carbon capture, utilization, and storage could reach $175 billion by 2035, primarily in sectors like cement and steel. This investment will likely be concentrated in southeast Asia, China, India, and North America. The US government is a major supporter, offering $3.5 billion in grants and $35 million in prizes for carbon removal facilities and techniques. Governments incentivize investment through tax credits, carbon taxes, and cap-and-trade schemes. Additionally, the voluntary carbon market allows polluters to buy credits for captured or avoided CO₂.
Read More at Finacial Times, Climate tech explained: Carbon capture and removal
